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Glossary « See The Holy Land. Abraham. Acts of the Apostles. Annunciation. Apocrypha. Apostle. Aramaic. Archaeology. Ark of the Covenant. Armageddon. Ascension.
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Baha’i. Barluzzi, Antonio. Basilica. BC and AD, or BCE and CEBedouin. Bible. Byzantine. Canaan. Choir. Cistern. Constantine. Crusades.
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Custody of the Holy Land. Decapolis. Essenes. Eusebius. Exile. Exodus. Franks. Gallicantu. Gate. Gentile. Gospel. Hebrew. Helena. Herod the Great.
Hellenism. Icon. Iconostasis. Incarnation. Islam. Jerome. Josephus.
Kibbutz. Kosher. Liturgy. Lord’s Prayer. Martyr.
Ancient Greek Philosophy. From Thales, who is often considered the first Western philosopher, to the Stoics and Skeptics, ancient Greek philosophy opened the doors to. Emperor of Rome from AD 306 to 337, who is best known for being the first Roman emperor to become a Christian. He ceased persecutions of Christians and. Some of these sites change every week; many change every day; a few change every few minutes. Daypop’s Dan Chan calls this the Living Web, the part of the web that.
Messiah. Mikvah. Mishnah. Mosaic. Moses. Mosque. Muhammad. New Testament. Old Testament. Orthodox. Ossuary. Ottoman Empire. Palestine. Parable. Passover. Patriarch.
Pentecost. Pharisee. Pontius Pilate. Prophet.
Promised Land. Qur’an. Ramadan. Resurrection. Sabbath. Sadducees. Samaritans. Sarcophagus.
Souk. Stations of the Cross. Status Quo. Stele. Stoa. Synagogue. Talmud.
Tel/Tell. Temple. Torah. Transfiguration. Trinity. Vulgate. Wadi. West Bank. Yahweh.
Yom Kippur. Zealot. Abraham. The founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Midianites and Edomite peoples, he is considered father of the three monotheistic faiths tied to the Holy Land today — Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Genesis 1. 7: 5 says God changed his name from Abram (probably meaning “the father is exalted”) to Abraham (meaning “father of many”), then sent him from his home in Mesopotamia (present- day Iraq) to Canaan.
Here Abraham entered into a covenant: He would recognise Yahweh as his God, and in return he would be blessed with numerous offspring and the land would belong to his descendants. Acts of the Apostles. The fifth book of the New Testament, it is traditionally ascribed to Luke the evangelist and is a sequel to his Gospel. It described the growth of the Christian Church during the 3. Jesus’ Ascension and especially the work of the apostle Paul. Annunciation. The announcement by the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary that she would become the mother of the Son of God, who would be named Jesus. Most Christians celebrate the Feast of the Annunciation on March 2.
Christmas. Apocrypha. Early religious books that are not accepted as belonging to the Bible (though, in spite of its usually negative connotation, apocrypha actually means “hidden” or “concealed”). In particular, the Apocrypha refers to the books from the Greek translation of the Old Testament that are included in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles, but not in the Jewish or Protestant Bibles (although they were originally included in the 1. King James Version).
In general, the term apocryphal is applied to any scriptural text that is excluded from a Bible. Since different denominations differ on what their Bible contains, there are different versions of the Apocrypha. The word is also applied to texts of uncertain authenticity, or that may be fictional or spurious. These include several “gospels” and lives of the apostles. The apostle Peter, by Giuseppe Nogari, 1.
Wikimedia)Apostle One of the early missionaries of the Christian Church, especially one of “The Twelve”, the inner circle of disciples who had been chosen and trained by Jesus to spread his message. The word means “one who has been sent”.
Traditionally, The Twelve include Peter, Andrew, James the Greater, James the Lesser, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, Thaddeus, Simon and Judas Iscariot (who was replaced by Matthias after Judas betrayed Jesus). Aramaic. A language related to Hebrew and Arabic, and probably the mother tongue of Jesus. It was the language most people spoke in the villages and towns of Palestine and is the main language of the Jewish Talmud. Now it is the first language of scattered communities in several countries of the Middle East, and the language of worship in the Syriac Orthodox Church.
Archaeology. The scientific study of ancient civilisations, usually by excavating historical or sacred sites. It involves the discovery and interpretation of material remains left behind by those who lived there long ago. In the Holy Land it helps to re- create the environment and culture in which biblical events occurred. The first archaeological excavations in the Holy Land took place at Nineveh in 1.
Ark of the Covenant. A wooden box, covered with gold, containing the stone tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments. Carried by the Israelites on their Exodus journey through the desert, it represented the presence of God among his people and was the most sacred religious symbol of the Hebrew people. Eventually installed in the holiest chamber of Solomon’s Temple, it disappeared when Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 5.
BC. Armageddon. A place name given in Revelation 1. The name comes from the Hebrew name Har- Megiddo, meaning “Mountain of Megiddo”. The mount of Megiddo is near the modern settlement of Megiddo, in northern Israel, situated at a strategic crossroads in the Jezreel valley and at the foot of the Carmel mountain range. Invaders have fought battles here since ancient times. Ascension. The departure of Jesus from earth to heaven, 4.
Resurrection. Tradition locates the event on the top of the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem, at a place now marked by the Dome of the Ascension. Christians celebrate the Feast of the Ascension on the Thursday of the sixth week after Easter. Baha’i. One of the youngest of the world’s major religions, this monotheistic faith was founded by Mizra Hussein Ali, who became known as Bah. Its world headquarters is on Mount Carmel in Haifa. The teachings of Bah.
The Baha’i faith accepts all religions as having true and valid origins. Antonio Barluzzi, relief displayed outside Church of the Transfiguration, Mount Tabor (Seetheholyland.
Antonio. Barluzzi, Antonio. An Italian architect (1.
Holy Land. These include the Church of All Nations at Gethsemane, Church of the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor, Chapel of the Angels at Shepherds’ Field, Church of the Visitation at Ein Karem, Church of Dominus Flevit on the Mount of Olives, and Church of the Beatitudes by the Sea of Galilee. A prayerful man, he lived a humble life and meditated at length on the Gospels before undertaking any design.
He always tried to make his buildings express the events they commemorated. Example are the teardrop- shaped Dominus Flevit church with tear phials on the four corners of its dome to recall Christ’s weeping over Jerusalem, and the Shepherds’ Field chapel shaped like a Bedouin tent.
Barluzzi’s lifetime dedication to building shrines in the Holy Land has led to the comment that in Israel there are three types of architecture: Graeco- Roman, Byzantine and Barluzzi. A bas- relief of the architect is set into a wall outside the Church of the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor. Basilica. A rectangular building divided by a central nave and side aisles, usually formed by rows of columns. Such public buildings in Rome served as centres of justice or administration. Architects adapted this form for Christian churches from the fourth century AD.
BC and AD, or BCE and CEBC (Before Christ) and AD (Anno Domini, meaning “in the Year of Our Lord”) indicate years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The reference year is the birth of Christ but there is no year 0, so 1 BC is immediately followed by AD 1.
This usage was developed in the 6th century AD by a scholarly monk called Dionysius Exiguus (Denis the Little). Dionysius established what he thought was the year of the birth of Jesus, but he was out by at least four years. Scholars now believe that Jesus was born between 4 and 7 BC.
BCE (meaning Before the Common . Bedouin have traditionally made their living by animal husbandry, those herding camels being best known. Since many governments have nationalised their traditional range lands, many have now settled in Israel and other countries. Bible. The accepted collection of sacred books of Judaism and Christianity, divided into Old and New Testaments. However, Protestants and Jews on the one hand, and Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians on the other, differ on which books belong in the Old Testament.
Jewish rabbis finalised their collection of holy books (the Hebrew Bible) by the end of the first century AD. They included only books written in Hebrew or Aramaic and excluded those originally written in Greek (though original Hebrew versions of some have since been found). The early Christian Church drew up its first listing of texts accepted as authentically inspired in the 4th century. It included several books that were part of the Greek Old Testament from pre- Christian times (including Judith, the Wisdom of Solomon and 1 and 2 Maccabees). The word Bible is derived from the Greek “biblia” (the books). The traditional division of chapters was made in the 1. Following the Jewish tradition, the Protestant reformers of the 1.
Greek Old Testament books, ranking them among those texts of uncertain authenticity called the Apocrypha, a word actually meaning “hidden” or “concealed”. The Bibles of the Eastern churches include some books not accepted in the Catholic and Protestant Bibles. Other “apocryphal” texts are not included in any Bible. Byzantine. A style of architecture, art and cultural influence arising from the ancient city of Byzantium (later renamed Constantinople and now Istanbul). From about AD 3. 30 until 1. Rome as the capital of the Roman Empire and major governing force of the Mediterranean world.
Canaan. The land God promised to the descendants of Abraham. Though various boundaries are given in the books of Genesis and Exodus, the Promised Land apparently encompassed present- day Israel, Palestine and Lebanon, plus parts of Jordan, Syria and Egypt. In Leviticus 2. 5: 2.
God tells Moses the land still belongs to him and the Israelites are “but aliens and tenants”. In Deuteronomy 3. Moses tells the Israelites that continued possession of the land depends on “holding fast” to God. Choir. Apart from being a group of singers, the choir in church architecture is the area between the transept and the main apse.